The inverse correlation between serum levels of anti-pneumococcal and ferritin after pneumococcal vaccination in splenectomised beta thalassemia major

Splenectomy is necessary in beta thalassemia major patients when the spleen becomes hyperactive, leading to extreme destruction of erythrocytes. This study assessed the ferritin effect on serum pneumococcal antibody response following pneumococcal vaccination, in patients with beta thalassemia major after splenectomy. In this case series study, convenience sampling was used to recruit 347 splenectomised beta thalassemia patients under the auspices of Jahrom University of Medical Sciences. Demographic data such as age, sex, and time after splenectomy were recorded by a questionnaire. All participants had been splenectomised and received a dose of Pneumovax1 23 vaccine 14 days before surgery. The IgG antibody responses to pneumococcal vaccine and levels of serum specific ferritin were determine by commercial enzyme immunoassay kits. For the analysis, SPSS software version 16 was used. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Most of the participants (63.4 percent) were hypo-responders to pneumococcal vaccine. Also, serum anti-pneumococcal IgG antibody was related to post splenectomy duration and serum ferritin (p 0.05). An important result was a relation of serum anti-pneumococcal IgG antibody to serum ferritin according to post splenectomy duration groups. Therefore, in three groups of post splenectomy duration, the serum ferritin was higher in hypo-responder than in good responder subjects. Our results indicate that serum anti-pneumococcal IgG antibody decreased with increment of serum ferritin and post splenectomy duration. Thus, there is a need to re-address the approach towards revaccination in this immune-compromised group of patients by administering a booster pneumococcal vaccination in an attempt to recover immunity and reduce morbidity(AU)

La esplenectomía es necesaria en pacientes con beta talasemia mayor cuando el bazo se vuelve hiperactivo, lo que lleva a una destrucción extrema de los eritrocitos. Este estudio evaluó el efecto de la ferritina sobre la respuesta de anticuerpos antineumocócicos en suero después de la vacunación antineumocócica, en pacientes con talasemia beta mayor a los que se les realizó esplenectomía. En este estudio de serie de casos, se utilizó un muestreo de conveniencia para reclutar a 347 pacientes con beta talasemia esplenectomizados bajo los auspicios de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Jahrom. Los datos demográficos como la edad, el sexo y el tiempo después de la esplenectomía se registraron mediante un cuestionario. Todos los participantes fueron esplenectomizados y recibieron una dosis de la vacuna Pneumovax® 23, 14 días antes de la cirugía. Las respuestas de anticuerpos IgG a la vacuna neumocócica y los niveles de ferritina sérica específica se determinaron mediante estuches comerciales de inmunoensayo enzimático. Para el análisis se utilizó el programa SPSS versión 16. Un valor de p inferior a 0,05 se consideró estadísticamente significativo. La mayoría de los participantes (63,4 por ciento) resultaron hiporrespondedores a la vacuna antineumocócica. Además, el anticuerpo sérico antineumocócico IgG se relacionó con la duración de la esplenectomía y la ferritina sérica (p0,05). Un resultado importante fue la relación del anticuerpo sérico IgG antineumocócico con la ferritina sérica según los grupos de duración postesplenectomía. Por lo tanto, en tres grupos de duración posterior a la esplenectomía, la ferritina sérica fue mayor en los sujetos con hiporrespuesta que en los sujetos con buena respuesta. Nuestros resultados indican que el anticuerpo sérico IgG antineumocócico disminuyó con el incremento de la ferritina sérica y la duración posterior a la esplenectomía. Por lo tanto, existe la necesidad de volver a abordar el enfoque hacia la revacunación en este grupo de pacientes inmunocomprometidos mediante la administración de una vacunación antineumocócica de refuerzo en un intento por recuperar la inmunidad y reducir la morbilidad(AU)

Plicatura de la bolsa Bogotá en cierre difícil de la pared abdominal / Bogotá Pouch Plication in Difficult Closure of the Abdominal Wall

Introducción: El cierre con pérdida masiva de tejido de la pared abdominal constituye un reto en la cirugía. Objetivo: Presentar un caso de cierre abdominal difícil donde se utilizó la técnica plicatura de la bolsa Bogotá hasta lograr aproximación de los planos cutáneo, muscular y aponeurótico. Caso clínico: Paciente recibido en emergencias con herida perforo-cortante en fosa lumbar izquierda. En la intervención se encontró hemoperitoneo por lesión esplénica, diafragmática y sección del ángulo esplénico del colon. Se le realizó esplenectomía, pleurostomía izquierda y rafia de lesión colónica. Pasadas cinco horas se reintervino por signos de choque y se encontró hematoma retroperitoneal y sección completa del polo superior del riñón izquierdo. Se le realizó nefrectomía izquierda. Al quinto día del posoperatorio mostró signos peritoneales y la exploración confirmó peritonitis fecaloidea por dehiscencia de sutura de colon. Se lavó cavidad y se le ejecutó colostomía tipo Devine. La pérdida masiva de pared abdominal obligó a emplear una plicatura de la bolsa Bogotá para aproximar ambos colgajos, se obtuvo aproximación paulatina hasta la síntesis de la pared. Conclusiones: El abdomen catastrófico es una condición grave y de difícil tratamiento. La bolsa Bogotá es una alternativa viable para esta condición y modificada con plicaturas paulatinas permite el acercamiento de los dos colgajos cutáneos y garantiza el cierre de la pared abdominal, además de ser una técnica fácil de usar y económica(AU)

Introduction: Closure with massive loss of abdominal wall tissue is a challenge in surgery. Objective: To report a case of difficult abdominal closure where the Bogotá bag technique was used until the approximation of the cutaneous, muscular and aponeurotic planes was achieved. Clinical case report: This patient was received in the emergency room with a perforating-cutting wound in the left lumbar fossa. In the intervention, hemoperitoneum was found due to splenic and diaphragmatic injury and section of the splenic flexure of the colon. Splenectomy, left pleurostomy and colonic injury raffia were performed. After five hours, the patient was operated again due to signs of shock. We found a retroperitoneal hematoma and a complete section of the upper pole of the left kidney. It was decided to perform left nephrectomy. On the fifth postoperative day, this patient showed peritoneal signs and examination confirmed fecal peritonitis due to dehiscence of the colon suture. Cavity was washed and a Devine-type colostomy was performed. The massive loss of the abdominal wall made it necessary to use a plication of the Bogotá bag to approximate both flaps, a gradual approximation was obtained until the synthesis of the wall. Conclusions: The catastrophic abdomen is a serious condition that is difficult to treat. The Bogotá bag is a viable alternative for this condition and modified with gradual plications, it allows the two skin flaps to approach each other and guarantees the closure of the abdominal wall, in addition to being an easy-to-use and economical technique(AU)

Metástasis pancreática metacrónica de carcinoma renal / Metachronous pancreatic metastasis from renal cell carcinoma

RESUMEN Las metástasis pancreáticas por carcinoma renal de células claras son excepcionales; en general, se presentan como tumores asintomáticos de diagnóstico incidental. Caso clínico: hombre de 61 años, nefrectomizado hace 10 años; durante el seguimiento se detecta una masa pancreática distal de 3 cm, hipervascular. Se realiza pancreatectomía corporocaudal laparoscópica, confirmándose la presencia de una metástasis de carcinoma renal. Las metástasis pancreáticas del carcinoma renal suelen apare cer en forma asintomática y metacrónica. La resección quirúrgica logra buenos resultados oncológicos y debe intentarse siempre que sea posible. En este caso destacamos que se pudo realizar una exéresis radical mediante abordaje mínimamente invasivo.

ABSTRACT Pancreatic metastases from clear cell renal carcinoma are very rare, and generally present as incidental asymptomatic tumors. Case report: a 61-year-old male patient with a history of nephrectomy 10 years before presented a 3-cm hypervascular mass in the distal pancreas during follow-up. A laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy was performed, confirming the presence of metastasis from a renal cell carci noma. Pancreatic metastases from renal cell carcinoma are usually metachronous and asymptomatic. Surgical resection is associated with favorable oncological results and, if possible, should be attempted. In our case, a successful oncological resection could be performed through a minimally invasive ap proach.

Conducción anestésica de un paciente pediátrico con micro esferocitosis hereditaria / Anesthetic approach on a pediatric patient with hereditary microspherocytosis

Introducción: La esferocitosis hereditaria (ESH) es una anemia hemolítica de observación frecuente, en la cual existen defectos cualitativos o cuantitativos de algunas proteínas de la membrana eritrocitaria que llevan a la formación de hematíes de forma esférica, osmóticamente frágiles, que son atrapados de formas selectiva y destruidos en el bazo, con incidencia variable y más frecuente en pacientes con descendencia europea. Objetivo: Describir la conducta clínica y anestesiológica de un paciente pediátrico con diagnóstico de micro esferocitosis hereditaria programado de forma electiva para procedimiento quirúrgico. Desarrollo: Se presenta un caso clínico de un paciente escolar con diagnóstico de micro esferocitosis hereditaria al cual se le realizó esplenectomía total electiva convencional. Con principal signo dolor a la palpación en hipocondrio izquierdo. Se condujo con anestesia total intravenosa con buenos resultados clínicos quirúrgicos, utilizando propofol a razón de 3 mcg/mL y ketamina a 0,2 mg/mL. La estrategia estuvo basada en cinco aspectos claves: evitar la hipoxia, la hipotermia, la acidosis, reducir la pérdida de sangre, así como un correcto control del dolor postoperatorio. Asociado a lo anterior es indispensable una estrecha vigilancia ya que estos pacientes pueden manifestar crisis hemolítica y aplásica. Conclusiones: El manejo perioperatorio del paciente con esferocitosis hereditaria depende de la severidad del cuadro clínico, de la anemia y su repercusión y del grado de hemólisis. La anestesia total intravenosa es una técnica segura para el tratamiento de pacientes con esferocitosis hereditaria(AU)

Introduction: Hereditary spherocytosis (HS) is a hemolytic anemia of frequent occurrence, in which there are qualitative or quantitative defects of some erythrocyte membrane proteins that lead to the formation of sphere-shaped red blood cells, which are osmotically fragile, and that are selectively trapped and destroyed in the spleen, with variable and more frequent incidence in patients with European descent. Objective: To describe the clinical and anesthesiological behavior of a pediatric patient with a diagnosis of hereditary microspherocytosis electively programmed for a surgical procedure. Development: A clinical case of a school-age patient with a diagnosis of hereditary microspherocytosis was presented. The patient underwent conventional elective total splenectomy. Pain was as the main sign on palpation to the left hypochondrium. The case was conducted with total intravenous anesthesia, with good surgical clinical results, using propofol at a rate of 3 mcg/mL and ketamine at 0.2 mg/mL. The strategy was based on five key aspects: avoid hypoxia, hypothermia, acidosis, reduce blood loss, as well as proper control of postoperative pain. Associated with the above-mentioned, close monitoring is essential, as these patients may manifest hemolytic and aplastic crisis. Conclusions: The perioperative management of the patient with hereditary spherocytosis depends on the severity of the clinical status, the anemia and its repercussion, and the degree of hemolysis. Total intravenous anesthesia is a safe technique for the treatment of patients with hereditary spherocytosis(AU)

Abdomen agudo secundario a torsión de bazo ectópico como causa inusual de dolor abdominal en urgencias / Acute Abdomen After Ectopic Spleen Torsion as an Unusual Cause of Abdominal Pain in the Emergency Department

RESUMEN El bazo ectópico es una enfermedad infrecuente, que se caracteriza por el aumento de la movilidad del bazo debido a la ausencia o laxitud de sus ligamentos suspensorios, lo que puede dar lugar a una torsión de su pedículo, y provocar un abdomen agudo. Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 29 años que acude al servicio de urgencias por presentar dolor abdominal de 7 meses de evolución, localizado en fosa ilíaca izquierda, que ha empeorado en las últimas 48 horas. Se realizó ecografía en el servicio de urgencias (point-of-care) que mostró una imagen compatible con bazo ectópico junto a su hilio, localizado en tercio inferior del abdomen cerca de la vejiga y del útero, y líquido libre. La tomografía axial computarizada confirmó el diagnóstico de torsión del pedículo. Se realizó laparotomía de urgencia y se localizó el bazo dentro de la pelvis con torsión del pedículo; ante un bazo no viable se realizó esplenectomía. La histología demostró cambios trombóticos difusos con infartos isquémicos y hemorrágicos del bazo. A pesar de su baja prevalencia, el bazo ectópico se debe tener en cuenta a la hora de realizar el diagnóstico diferencial en aquellas mujeres en edad fértil que consultan por dolor abdominal o masa pélvica(AU)

ABSTRACT Ectopic spleen is a rare disease, characterized by increased mobility of the spleen due to the absence or laxity of its suspensory ligaments, which can lead to torsion of its pedicle and cause acute abdomen. We present the case of a 29-year-old woman who attends the emergency department with abdominal pain of seven months of evolution and located in the left iliac fossa, which has worsened in the last 48 hours. An ultrasound was performed in the emergency department (point-of-care), which showed, next to its hilum, an image consistent with ectopic spleen, located in the lower third of the abdomen near the bladder and uterus, and free fluid. Computed axial tomography confirmed the diagnosis of pedicle torsion. Emergency laparotomy was performed and the spleen was located inside the pelvis with torsion of the pedicle. Splenectomy was performed before a non-viable spleen. Histology showed diffuse thrombotic changes with ischemic and hemorrhagic infarcts of the spleen. Despite its low prevalence, the ectopic spleen should be taken into account when making the differential diagnosis in those women at childbearing age who come to the clinic for abdominal pain or pelvic mass(AU)

A technical note on low cost rat laparoscopy an initial experience

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate a novel and adapted low-cost set model for laparoscopic surgery in rats. Methods: Nine Wistar rats underwent two different laparoscopic procedures, splenectomy (n=3) and distal pancreatectomy with splenectomy (n = 6), after assembling a low-cost set replacing the conventional one (monitor, micro camera, image processor, light source, laparoscope and insufflator). The new set included an Android Tablet 10.5 ", a 5mm USB Endoscope and semiautomatic sphygmomanometer monitor. Results: The same surgeon performed the laparoscopic procedures. Total surgical time ranged from 36 to 60 minutes with a mean of 45.8 minutes. Three rats died during the distal pancreatic and splenectomy procedure (33.3%), due to respiratory failure (n = 1), uncontrolled abdominal hemorrhage (n=1) and iatrogenic gastric perforation (n = 1). We followed the other six rats (66.6%) for seven days with no further evidence of complications. Conclusions: The laparoscopic partial pancreatectomy and splenectomy can be performed with the novel low-cost set assembled in the present experimental study. Both specific training and skills development are required to validate more advanced laparoscopic procedures and achieve a desirable outcome.

Resultados del uso de la esplenectomía videolaparoscópica en el Hospital Docente Clínico Quirúrgico "Hermanos Ameijeiras" / Outcomes of videolaparascopic splenectomy at Hermanos Ameijeiras Clinical Surgical Hospital

Introducción: la esplenectomía laparoscópica apareció con el desarrollo de la cirugía de mínimo acceso, se conviertió en la técnica preferida para la exéresis del bazo actualmente. Objetivo: evaluar los resultados de la esplenectomía videolaparoscópica en el tratamiento de las enfermedades hematológicas funcionales benignas. Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, longitudinal y prospectivo en 86 pacientes con diagnóstico de enfermedades hematológicas funcionales benignas, atendidos en el Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Hermanos Ameijeiras desde octubre de 1996 hasta diciembre de 2011. Resultados: en la serie predominó el sexo femenino con 70,9 por ciento y la edad media fue de 40 años (37,8 por ciento). Las enfermedades más frecuentes fueron la púrpura trombocitopénica inmunológica (68,6 por ciento), la anemia hemolítica autoinmune con 23,3 por ciento y la esferocitosis hereditaria con 5,8 por ciento. Requirieron preparación preoperatoria 59,3 por ciento de los pacientes con 50,9 por ciento de respuesta efectiva a esta. El tiempo quirúrgico promedio fue 129 minutos. Como accidentes transoperatorios prevalecieron: la ruptura de la bolsa extractora con 12,8 pr ciento y el sangrado del hilio esplénico con 5,8 por ciento. Esto motivó la conversión a cirugía convencional y la exclusión del seguimiento de 6 pacientes. La complicación posoperatoria más frecuente fue el vómito persistente. El seguimiento de los pacientes se realizó desde los 7 días hasta los 2 años en 78 por ciento de los casos, con un tiempo promedio de 518 días. Hubo remisión total de su enfermedad en 82,7 por ciento de los pacientes, remisión parcial en 15,4 por ciento y solamente 1,9 por ciento no presentó remisión. Conclusiones: la esplenectomía videolaparoscópica es una técnica segura y efectiva en el tratamiento de las enfermedades hematológicas autoinmunes en cirujanos con experiencia en Cirugía de Mínimo Acceso de Avanzada(AU)

Introduction: Laparoscopic splenectomy appeared with the development of minimal access surgery. At the moment, it has become the technique preferred for the spleen exeresis. Objective: To evaluate the outcomes of videolaparoscopic splenectomy in the treatment of benign functional hematological diseases. Method: A descriptive, longitudinal and prospective study was carried out with 86 patients diagnosed with benign functional hematological diseases, attended at Hermanos Ameijeiras Clinical Surgical Hospital, from October 1996 to December 2011. Results: In the series, the female sex predominated (70.9 percent) and the average age was 40 years (37.8 percent). The most frequent diseases were immunological thrombocytopenic purpura (68.6 %), autoimmune hemolytic anemia (23.3 percent), and hereditary spherocytosis (5.8 percent). 59.3 percent of patients required a preoperative preparation, with 50.9 percent of effective response to it. The average surgical time was 129 minutes. The prevailing transoperative accidents were: the rupture of the extractor bag (12.8 percent) and the bleeding of the splenic hilum (5.8 percent). This motivated the change to conventional surgery and the exclusion of the follow-up of 6 patients. The most frequent postoperative complication was persistent vomiting. The follow-up of the patients was carried out from 7 days to 2 years in 78 percent of the cases, with an average time of 518 days. There was total remission of their disease in 82.7 percent of the patients, partial remission in 15.4 percent, and only 1.9 percent did not present any remission. Conclusions: Videolaparoscopic splenectomy is a safe and effective technique in the treatment of autoimmune hematological diseases for surgeons with experience in advanced minimal access surgery(AU)

Should splenic autotransplantation be considered after total splenectomy due to trauma? / Autoimplante esplênico deve ser considerado para pacientes submetidos à esplenectomia total por trauma?

ABSTRACT Trauma is a public health problem and the most common cause of death in people under the age of 45. In blunt abdominal trauma, the spleen is the most commonly injured organ. Splenectomy remains the most common treatment, especially in high-grade lesions, despite increased nonoperative treatment. Removal of the spleen leads to increased susceptibility to infections due to its role in the immune function. Postsplenectomy sepsis is an important complication and presents a high mortality rate. Patients undergoing splenectomy should be immunized for encapsulated germs, as these are the agents most commonly associated with such infections. Splenic autotransplantation is a simple procedure, which can be an alternative to reduce infection rates consequent to total splenectomy, and reduce costs related to hospitalizations. This review aims to provide evidence-based information on splenic autotransplantation and its impact on the prognosis of patients undergoing total splenectomy. We searched the Cochrane Library, Medline/PubMed, SciELO and Embase, from January 2017 to January 2018 and selected articles in English and Portuguese, dated from 1919 to 2017. We found that the adjusted risk of death in splenectomized patients is greater than that of the general population, and when total splenectomy is performed, splenic autotransplantation is the only method capable of preserving splenic function, avoiding infections, especially postsplenectomy sepsis. Health professionals should be familiar with the consequences of the method chosen to manage the patient suffering from splenic trauma.

RESUMO O trauma é um problema de saúde pública e a causa mais comum de óbito em pessoas com menos de 45 anos de idade. Nos traumas abdominais contusos, o baço é o órgão mais comumente lesado. A esplenectomia continua sendo o tratamento mais comum, especialmente em lesões de alto grau, apesar do aumento do tratamento não operatório. A remoção do baço gera aumento da suscetibilidade a infecções, devido ao seu papel na função imune. Sepse pós-esplenectomia é uma importante complicação e apresenta alta taxa de mortalidade. Pacientes submetidos à esplenectomia devem receber imunização para germes encapsulados, por serem os agentes mais comumente relacionados a essas infecções. Autoimplante esplênico é um procedimento simples, que pode ser alternativa para reduzir índices de infecção consequentes à esplenectomia total, e que pode reduzir custos relacionados à internações. Este trabalho de revisão objetiva prover informações baseadas em evidências sobre o autoimplante esplênico e seu impacto no prognóstico de pacientes submetidos à esplenectomia total. Foram realizadas buscas na Cochrane Library, Medline/PubMed, SciELO e Embase, de janeiro de 2017 a janeiro de 2018 e selecionados artigos em inglês e português, datados de 1919 a 2017. Verificou-se que o risco ajustado de morte em pacientes esplenectomizados é maior do que o da população geral, e quando a esplenectomia total é realizada, o autoimplante esplênico é o único método capaz de preservar a função esplênica, evitando infecções, principalmente sepse pós-esplenectomia. Profissionais de saúde devem estar familiarizados com as consequências do método escolhido para manejar o paciente vítima de trauma esplênico.

Esplenectomía laparoscópica por quiste hidatídico primario de bazo / Laparoscopic splenectomy by primary hydatid cyst of the spleen

Objetivo: Describir el caso clínico de un paciente con quiste esplénico hidatídico de un año de evolución resuelto por vía laparoscópica. Materiales y Métodos: Mujer de 36 años con dolor en hipocondrio izquierdo por 1 año de evolución. El estudio topográfico objetivó lesión esplénica quística de 67 mm. Se realizó esplenectomía laparoscópica sin incidentes. Resultado: Evolución posoperatoria favorable. Histología compatible con hidatidosis esplénica. Discusión: La incidencia de hidatidosis esplénica es baja, incluso en áreas endémicas, aproximándose al 1-2%. La cirugía es la estrategia terapéutica de elección dado los riesgos de ruptura, sin embargo, no hay consenso respecto a la técnica de elección. Conclusión: La esplenectomía laparoscópica es una herramienta segura y avalada en la literatura.

Objective: Describe a case report of a hydatid splenic cyst of one year of evolution, treated by laparoscopy. Materials and Methods: A 36-year-old woman with left upper quadrant pain for 1 year. The topographic study showed a 67mm splenic cystic lesion. Laparoscopic splenectomy was performed without incident. Result: Favorable post-operative evolution. Histology compatible with splenic hydatidosis. Discussion: The incidence of splenic hydatidosis is low, even in endemic areas, approaching 1-2%. Surgery is the therapeutic strategy of choice, given the risks of rupture. However, there is no consensus regarding the technique. Conclusion: Laparoscopic splenectomy is a safe procedure supported by the literature.

Laparoscopic splenectomy: a new approach

OBJECTIVES: To introduce a new laparoscopic splenectomy (LS) approach. METHODS: Sixteen patients underwent LS with general anaesthesia and carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum. The details of the surgery are as follows: 1. The omentum was incised along the greater curvature and retracted as much as possible to expose the pancreatic body and tail. 2. The right arteriovenous root in the gastric omentum was ligated to sufficiently expose the pancreatic body and tail. 3. The pancreatic capsula was opened along the inferior margin of the pancreatic tail, elevated and separated until the superior margin of the pancreas was grasped. The entire splenic pedicle was retracted using a string. The branching blood vessels in the splenic hilus were ligated using clamps and separated. The splenogastric and splenophrenic ligaments were transected proximally using an ultrasonic knife, and the thick short gastric blood vessels were clamped. This procedure allows complete exposure of the area above the pancreatic tail where the splenic hilus is located. The splenoportal vasculature was suspended using a 7-0 silk suture to easily manipulate this tissue. The splenic portal vessels were dissected using an ultrasonic knife, and the portal vessels were isolated individually using vascular clamps and transected. The splenogastric and lienorenal ligaments were also transected. The spleen was then placed into a bag, and the surgical port was slightly enlarged. Finally, the spleen was sectioned for removal. RESULTS: Fifteen surgeries were successfully performed from March 2015 to January 2016. One patient underwent laparotomy. No patients developed postoperative intra-abdominal haemorrhage or infection. One patient developed subcutaneous emphysema, and one developed a wound infection. No deaths occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Active exposure of the area dorsal to the pancreatic tail is a safe and simple splenectomy method.

Esplenectomía laparoscópica en la población pediátrica: seguimiento a largo plazo / Laparoscopic splenectomy in pediatric age: long-term follow-up

Introducción: En el último siglo, con los avances en los procedimientos diagnósticos, los trastornos hemáticos han aumentado drásticamente en la población pediátrica. Paralelamente a este aumento, también se han popularizado las esplenectomías con diversas técnicas y resultados quirúrgicos. La esplenectomía laparoscópica (EL) en la población pediátrica está en general aceptada como un procedimiento técnicamente complejo que requiere de experiencia. El objetivo de este estudio es presentar los resultados del seguimiento a largo plazo de una serie de casos de niños sometidos a una EL por diversos trastornos hemáticos, evaluar las complicaciones posibles y los resultados. Población y métodos: Se consideró para este estudio a todos los pacientes ingresados al hospital que tenían programada una EL entre 2005 y 2016. Se agruparon los parámetros del estudio en cuatro categorías: datos sociodemográficos, evaluación prequirúrgica, seguimiento clínico y complicaciones. Resultados: Los pacientes eran 24 varones (48, 9%) y 25 mujeres (51, 1%). La mediana de edad y peso corporal del grupo del estudio era 12 años y 35 kg, respectivamente. Las indicaciones más frecuentes de EL fueron talasemia (13; 26, 5%) y esferocitosis hereditaria (12; 24, 4%). Desde la perspectiva técnica, a dos pacientes (4%) se les realizó una EL con puerto único. La media de duración de la EL fue de 80 minutos. La tasa total de complicaciones intraoperatorias fue del 4% (2/57). La media de duración de la hospitalización fue de 5 días. La media de duración del seguimiento fue de 6, 4 años (intervalo: de 6 meses a 16 años). No se observaron complicaciones a largo plazo. La concentración de bilirrubina y la necesidad de transfusiones de sangre disminuyeron significativamente durante el seguimiento a largo plazo (p < 0, 05). Conclusiones: La EL es una herramienta poderosa en las manos de cirujanos experimentados. Es un procedimiento seguro y eficaz en los niños con trastornos hemáticos, con una hospitalización más breve y una tasa menor de complicaciones.

Introduction: In the last century, with the advancement of the diagnostic procedures, hematologic disorders in pediatric age group have been increased dramatically. In parallel with this increase, splenectomy procedures have also been popularized with different techniques and surgical outcomes. Laparoscopic splenectomy (LS) in the pediatric age group is generally accepted as a technically demanding procedure, which needs experience. The purpose of this study is to present the long-term follow-up results of a case series of children who underwent LS for a variety of hematologic disorders, evaluate possible complications and outcomes. Population and methods: All patients who were admitted to the clinic and who were scheduled for LS from 2005 to 2016 were considered for this study. The study parameters were grouped in four categories including socio-demographic data, preoperative evaluation, clinical follow-up and complications. Results: There were 24 male (48.9%) and 25 (51.1%) female patients. The median age and body weight for the study group was 12 years and 35 kg. Most common indications for LS were thalassemia (13; 26.5%) and hereditary spherocytosis (12; 24.4%). As a technical standpoint, 2 patients (4%) underwent singleport LS surgery. The mean time for LS surgeries was found as 80 minutes. The total intraoperative complication rate was 4% (2/57). The mean time for hospital stay was 5 days. Mean follow-up period was 6.4 years (range: 6 months-16 years). There was no long-term complication. Bilirubin levels and need for blood transfusion significantly decreased in the long term follow-up period (p <0.05). Conclusions: LS is a powerful tool in the hands of an experienced surgeon. It's a safe and effective procedure in children with hematologic disorders resulting in shorter length of stay and lower complication rates.

Esplenectomía parcial en niños con anemias hemolíticas congénitas en el Hospital Pediátrico Docente de Matanzas Eliseo Noel Caamaño / Partial splenectomy in children with congenital hemolytic anemia in the Pediatric Hospital Eliseo Noel Caamaño of Matanzas

Introducción: las anemias hemolíticas se caracterizan por una destrucción precoz de los hematíes, con un acortamiento de su vida media. Estos pacientes pueden requerir para el control de la enfermedad o por el desarrollo de complicaciones esplénicas, la necesidad de ser sometidos a una esplenectomía. Por la morbilidad y posibles complicaciones letales como la sepsis post-esplenectomía de la esplenectomía total en niños, se ha empleado la esplenectomía parcial como opción de tratamiento quirúrgico. Objetivo: evaluar los resultados de la esplenectomía parcial en los pacientes con anemias hemolíticas congénitas. Materiales y Métodos: se realizó un estudio prospectivo, descriptivo longitudinal, del universo de los 15 pacientes con anemias hemolíticas congénitas a los que se les realizó esplenectomía parcial. Resultados: se encontró que la drepanocitosis y la esferocitosis hereditaria fueron los diagnósticos más frecuentes dentro de los casos operados. Las principales indicaciones de la esplenectomía parcial fueron la crisis de secuestro esplénico y la necesidad de transfusiones de sangre respectivamente. Las variables hematológicas analizadas en el período postoperatorio mostraron una respuesta favorable al tratamiento quirúrgico. Conclusiones: la esplenectomía parcial llevó a un mejoramiento clínico y hematológico en los pacientes con anemias hemolíticas congénitas, tributarios de tratamiento quirúrgico, sin complicaciones significativas en un período de seguimiento de 5 años (AU).

Introduction: congenital hemolytic anemia are characterized by an early destruction of red blood cells, with a shortening of their average life. For the control of the disease or due to the development of splenic complications, these patients may require to undergo splenectomy. Due to the morbidity and possible lethal complications such as post-splenectomy sepsis of total splenectomy in children, partial splenectomy has been used as a surgical treatment option. Objective: to evaluate the results of partial splenectomy in patients with congenital hemolytic anemia. Materials and Methods: a longitudinal prospective, descriptive study was performed in 15 patients with congenital hemolytic anemia who underwent partial splenectomy. Results: sickle cell disease and hereditary spherocytosis were the most frequent diagnoses in the group of operated cases. The main indications of partial splenectomy were splenic sequester crises and the necessity of blood transfusions respectively. The hematologic variables analyzed in the post-surgery period showed a favorable answer to surgical treatment. Conclusions: partial splenectomy led to a hematologic and clinical improvement in patients with congenital hemolytic anemia, tributary of surgical treatment, without significant complications in a 5-year follow-up period (AU).

Linfoma no Hodgkin folicular primario del bazo / Follicular Non-Hodgkin Primary Splenic Lymphoma

Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 79 años que desde hace 3 meses presenta marcada sudoración nocturna, dolor abdominal en zona de hipocondrio y flanco izquierdo y ligera pérdida de peso. Al examen físico se observa palidez de piel y mucosas, esplenomegalia que rebasa 7 cm el reborde costal izquierdo, superficie lisa, superficie regular. El resto del examen físico fue normal. Se realizan múltiples investigaciones básicas sin poderse identificar el diagnostico. Por la presencia de gran esplenomegalia y la pancitopenia se decide realizar esplenectomía confirmándose un linfoma no Hogkin folicular primario del bazo(AU)

We present the case of a 79-year-old patient who had marked night sweats, abdominal pain in the hypochondrium area and left flank and slight weight loss for 3 months. Physical examination showed pale skin and mucous membranes, splenomegaly that exceeds the left costal margin by 7 cm, smooth surface, and regular surface. The rest of the physical examination was normal. Multiple basic studies were conducted out but the diagnosis was not identified. Due to the presence of great splenomegaly and pancytopenia, it was decided to perform splenectomy, confirming a follicular non-Hodgkin primary splenic lymphoma(AU)

Quiste esplénico no parasitario: revisión de la experiencia en un hospital clínico universitario / Non parasitic splenic cysts: single-center experience at a university hospital

Introducción: Las lesiones quísticas esplénicas son poco frecuentes; pueden ser clasificadas en primarias y secundarias según la presencia de revestimiento epitelial. Los quistes parasitarios son provocados por especies de Equinococcus y su manejo es específico. Suelen ser lesiones asintomáticas y el tratamiento depende de su tamaño y de la aparición de manifestaciones clínicas. El abordaje quirúrgico tradicional ha sido la esplenectomía, pero con el reconocimiento de las complicaciones inmunológicas, han tenido auge las alternativas que conservan parénquima esplénico. Objetivo: Comunicar la experiencia en el manejo quirúrgico de esta enfermedad en nuestro centro. Resultados: Se presenta la serie de 11 casos de quistes esplénicos no parasitarios que recibieron tratamiento quirúrgico durante los últimos 15 años. La mayoría de las intervenciones fueron laparoscópicas y no se registró morbimortalidad. Discusión: En el tratamiento de los quistes del bazo no parasitarios actualmente se reconoce el valor de preservar parénquima y función esplénica. La esplenectomía, cirugía cuyo estándar actual es mediante laparoscopia, ha sido progresivamente desplazada por alternativas conservadoras. Las opciones terapéuticas dependen del desarrollo de síntomas, del tamaño y de la ubicación de las lesiones. Conclusiones: Los quistes esplénicos son poco frecuentes. Ante la necesidad de tratamiento quirúrgico el abordaje laparoscópico y las cirugías que conservan parénquima esplénico deberían ser de elección.

Introduction: Splenic cysts are rare. They have been classified in primary or secondary lesions based on the presence or absence of an epithelial lining. Parasitic cysts are caused by Echinococcus spp. and have a particular management. Splenic cysts are usually asymptomatic, treatment depends on the development of symptoms and diameter. Traditionally, splenectomy has been the standard surgery, but updated knowledge about the role of the spleen in preventing some infections has led to more conservative options. Objective: To report our experience in surgical management of the disease. Results: Our series includes 11 patients with non-parasitic splenic cysts treated surgically, during the last 15 years. Most were laparoscopic interventions and no morbidity or mortality was registered. Discussion: Surgical treatment for non-parasitic splenic cysts actually favours conservative techniques; salvage of the spleen whenever possible is fully justified based on updated knowledge of the role it plays in promoting protection against infection. Splenectomy, nowadays performed by laparoscopy, has been partially displaced. Treatment options depends on the cyst diameter, development of symptoms and localization. Conclusions: Splenic cysts are unfrequent. If surgical treatment is needed, laparoscopy and interventions conserving splenic parenchyma should be the election.

Rol de la cirugía en el manejo de la infección invasora por Saprochaete capitata / Role of surgery in Saprochaete capitata (S. capitata) sepsis in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia

Saprochaete capitata (S. capitata) fungal sepsis is a severe condition with a clinical presentation that is similar to other yeast originated fungal sepsis. It is observed in patients with hematological malignancies such as acute myeloid leukemia and neutropenia. We report a 23 year old male presenting with cough, fever and malaise. A bone marrow biopsy led to the diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia. During the first cycle of chemotherapy the patient presented fever: blood cultures were positive for Klebsiella pneumoniae. Despite antimicrobial treatment, fever persisted; a computed tomography showed a focal splenic lesion; a left exudative pleural effusion appeared. A Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight mass spectrometry identified the presence of S. capitata. After multiple antifungal treatments and pleural cavity cleansing by means of videothoracoscopy and laparoscopic splenectomy, the infection resolved and the patient completed his chemotherapy.

Esplenectomía laparoscópica en pacientes con púrpura trombocitopénica idiopática: primera experiencia en el Hospital Regional de Arica / Laparoscopic splenectomy in patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: first experience at the Regional Hospital of Arica

Introducción: La púrpura trombocitopénica idiopática (PTI) es una de las trombocitopenias más frecuentes en adultos. La esplenectomía corresponde a uno de sus tratamientos de segunda línea en pacientes refractarios a otras terapias médicas. Objetivo: Presentar nuestra primera experiencia en esplenectomía laparoscópica en el servicio de cirugía del Hospital Regional de Arica. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó una revisión transversal retrospectiva de pacientes con PTI a quienes se les indicó esplenectomía por falla en el tratamiento médico. Se tabularon los exámenes preoperatorios, plaquetas 24 h pre y posquirúrgicas, plaquetas al inicio del estudio (3 meses preoperatorios) y al mes del postoperatorio, complicaciones quirúrgicas y características histopatológicas. Resultados: Se realizaron 5 esplenectomías. El 100% de los pacientes presentaron mejoría a las 24 h de postoperados. Al cabo de un mes, sólo 3 de 5 pacientes tuvieron una mejoría de su trombocitopenia. No hubo complicaciones mayores como hemoperitoneo o fístulas pancreáticas. Un paciente presentó equimosis en un puerto. Conclusiones: La esplenectomía laparoscópica es una técnica factible de realizar en nuestro centro, con una tasa de complicaciones y resultados comparables con centros de mayor volumen.

Introduction: Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is one of the most common acquired thrombocytopenia in adults. Splenectomy is as second line treatment in medical refractory patients. Aim: The aim of this study is to present our first initial experience in laparoscopic splenectomy of the surgical department of Arica's local hospital. Materials and methods: This is a transversal prospective review of patients with ITP which splenectomy was performed due medical treatment failure. Preoperative blood test: platelet count at the beginning of the study, 24 h pre op, 24 h post op and a month post surgery were tabulated. Postoperative complications and histopathology characteristics were reported. Results: We performed 5 splenectomies, 100% of the patients presented a recovery platelet count at 24 h postop. In the first month only 3 patients had an improvement of their thrombocytopenia. There were no major complications, like hemoperitoneum or pancreatic leaks, only one patient presented port site ecchymosis. Conclusions: Laparoscopic splenectomy is a feasible technique in our center with a complication rate and outcomes comparable to high volume center.

Incidental splenic injury and splenectomy: an overview based on available evidence / Lesión esplénica incidental y esplenectomía: una visión general basada en la evidencia disponible

Splenectomy indications are hematologic disease, traumatic damage and iatrogenic injury. The aim of this study was to present an evidence-based overview of some clinical aspects of interest related with iatrogenic splenic injury and subsequent splenectomy. An overview of the available evidence was conducted. Articles that evaluated clinical aspects of interest related with iatrogenic splenic injury and subsequent splenectomy, without language limits, publication date and designs. BVS, PubMed, SciELO and TRIP databases were reviewed. Evaluated variables were: Frequency and etiology of surgical spleen injuries, treatment options, frequency of splenectomy, associated postoperative morbidity (POM) and mortality, recommendation for splenectomy. Classification of the available evidence was made using the classification proposed by Oxford Centre of Evidence-based Medicine. 1144 records were obtained. 1109 were discarded for not meeting eligibility criteria, or were not relevant for the purpose of this research. Finally, the study consisted of 35 articles, 3 of evidence level type 3a, 31 of evidence level type 4 and 1 of evidence level type 5. Splenectomy is a complication of common abdominal procedures, prevalence and incidence of iatrogenic splenic injury is underestimated because of lack of information, there is evidence of risk factors of surgical spleen injuries, the etiology of surgical spleen injuries are bariatric, esophago-gastric, antireflux, colorectal, abdominal vascular and urological procedures. POM in patients undergoing splenectomy is more frequent in emergency splenectomy secondary to trauma. There was no significant risk reduction of infectious complications after implementation of routine vaccination. Available evidence is based on few and heterogeneous articles, which make a meaningful conclusions difficult. Studies with better evidence levels, methodological quality and population size are needed for conclusions and recommendations.

Las indicaciones de esplenectomía son enfermedades hematológicas, daño por trauma y por lesiones iatrogénicas. El objetivo de este estudio es presentar una visión general basada en la evidencia actualmente disponible, respecto de algunos aspectos clínicos de interés relacionados con la lesión esplénica iatrogénica y posterior esplenectomía. Revisión global de la evidencia disponible. Se incluyeron artículos que evaluaron aspectos clínicos de interés relacionados con lesión esplénica iatrogénica y posterior esplenectomía; sin límites de lenguaje, fecha de publicación y diseño. Se revisaron las bases de datos BVS, PubMed, SciELO y Trip Database. Las variables evaluadas fueron: frecuencia y etiología de las lesiones, opciones de tratamiento, frecuencia de esplenectomía, morbimortalidad postoperatoria, recomendación de esplenectomía. La clasificación de la evidencia se realizó con la propuesta del Centro de Medicina Basada en la Evidencia de Oxford. Se obtuvieron 1144 registros. 1109 fueron descartados por no cumplir criterios de elegibilidad, o ser no relevantes para el objetivo de la investigación. La población en estudio quedó compuesta por 35 artículos, 3 de nivel de evidencia 3a, 31 de nivel de evidencia 4 y 1 de nivel de evidencia 5. La esplenectomía es una complicación propia de la cirugía abdominal. La prevalencia e incidencia de lesión esplénica iatrogénica es subestimada por falta de información. Hay evidencia de factores de riesgo de lesiones del bazo. La etiología de estas es: procedimientos bariátricos, esófago-gástricos, colorrectales, vasculares abdominales y urológicos. La morbilidad es más frecuente en esplenectomía de emergencia secundaria a trauma. No se ha registrado disminución significativa del riesgo de complicaciones infecciosas con la vacunación rutinaria. La evidencia disponible se basa en pocos artículos y heterogéneos, lo que impide sacar conclusiones. Se necesitan estudios de mejor nivel de evidencia, calidad metodológica y tamaño de muestra para obtener conclusiones válidas y recomendaciones adecuadas.

REDUCE PORT LAPAROSCOPIC SPLENECTOMY FOR GIANT EPITELIAL CYST / ESPLENECTOMIA LAPAROSCÓPICA COM PORTAIS REDUZIDOS PARA TRATAR CISTO EPITELIAL GIGANTE

Background: Delaitre and Maignien performed the first successful laparoscopic splenectomy in 1991. After that, laparoscopic splenectomy has become one of the most frequently performed laparoscopic solid organ procedures. Aim: To demonstrate the surgical techique of laparoscopic splenetomy with reduced portals. Methods: A reduce port laparoscopic splenectomy was performed by using a 10 mm and two 5 mm trocars. To entered the abdomen a trans-umbilical open technique was done and a 10 mm trocar was placed. A subcostal 5 mm trocar was placed under direct vision at the level of the anterior axillary line and another 5 mm port was inserted at the mid-epigastric region. Once it was completely dissected and freed from all of its attachments the hilum, splenic artery and vein, was clipped with hem-o-lock and divided with scissors. Then an endobag was used to retrieve the spleen after being morcellated trough the umbilical incision. Results: This technique was used in a 15 years old female with epigastric and left upper quadrant pain. An abdominal ultrasound demonstrated a giant cyst located in the spleen. Laboratory tests findings were normal. The CT scan was also done, and showed a giant cyst, which squeeze the stomach. The patient tolerated well the procedure, with an unremarkable postoperative. She was discharge home 72 h after the surgery. Conclusion: The use of reduce port minimizes abdominal trauma and has the hypothetical advantages of shorter postoperative stay, greater pain control, and better cosmesis. Laparoscopic splenectomy for giant cysts by using reduce port trocars is safe and feasible and less invasive.

Racional: Delaitre e Maignien realizaram a primeira esplenectomia laparoscópica bem sucedida em 1991. Depois disso, a esplenectomia laparoscópica tornou-se um dos procedimentos laparoscópicos de órgãos sólidos mais frequentemente realizadas. Objetivo: Demonstrar a técnica cirúrgica de esplenectomia laparoscópica com portais reduzidos. Métodos: A esplenectomia laparoscópica reduzida em potais foi realizada usando um trocarte de 10 mm e dois de 5 mm. A entrada abdominal se dá pela técnica aberta trans-umbilical e um trocarte de 10 mm foi aí colocado. Um de 5 mm subcostal foi colocado sob visão direta no nível da linha axilar anterior e outra trocarte de 5 mm foi inserido na região médio-epigástrica. Uma vez completamente dissecado e liberado todos os seus ligamentos do hilo, a artéria e veia esplênicas foram ligadas com hem-o-lock e seccionado com tesoura. Em seguida, um Endobag foi usado para retirar o baço após ser ele morcelado através da incisão umbilical. Resultado: Esta técnica foi utilizada em uma jovem de 15 anos com dor epigástrica e em hipocôndrio esquerdo. Ultrassom abdominal mostrou um cisto gigante localizado no baço. Exames complementares tiveram resultados normais. TC mostrou um cisto gigante, que projetava-se para o estômago. A paciente tolerou bem o procedimento, com pós-operatório normal. Ela teve alta hospitalar em 72 h após a operação. Conclusão: A diminuição de portais minimiza o trauma abdominal e tem as vantagens conhecidas de menor tempo de pós-operatório, maior controle da dor, e melhor efeito cosmético. A esplenectomia laparoscópica para cistos gigantes usando trocárteres reduzidos é segura, viável e menos invasiva.

Effects of inferior splenic lobe pole fixation and gastrosplenic peritoneal membrane section on the vitality of the remanent of subtotal splenectomy in rats

PURPOSE: To investigate the vitality of the spleen lower pole after subtotal splenectomy with suture to the stomach and after posterior peritoneal gastro-splenic membrane section, using macro and microscopic evaluations. METHODS: Sixty Wistar rats were used in this study and were randomly distributed in the three groups: Group 1: (n=20), subtotal splenectomy with lower pole preservation, Group 2: (n=20) subtotal splenectomy with lower pole preservation and suture to the stomach, Group 3: subtotal splenectomy with lower pole preservation and posterior peritoneal gastrosplenic ligament section. The animals were sacrificed 45 days after the surgery and the spleen lower poles were removed for macroscopic and microscopic examination. RESULTS: All animals in this series survived. No macroscopic differences were encountered between the groups. Microscopic evaluation observed statistic difference concerning fibrosis between group 1 and 3 (p≤0.05), but the analysis for necrosis and inflammation presented no differences. CONCLUSION: Vitality of the spleen lower pole after subtotal splenectomy is minimally modified when it is fixed to the stomach or when the posterior peritoneal gastrosplenic ligament is resected. .

Effect of total splenectomy in the lipid profile in mice

PURPOSE: To analyze total splenectomy effect on the lipid profile - total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL) and triglycerides levels, in Balb/c mice. METHODS: Thirty Balb/c male mice, one (1) month old and average weight 26.2g ± 4.0 were used in the experiment. They were distributed into three groups of 10 animals each: a control group (non-operated), a simulation group (spleen manipulation) and the splenectomy group. The animals were subjected to blood sampling to measure plasma lipid levels, at three different times: before surgery, days 30 and 75 of the experiment. RESULTS: Increased total cholesterol and LDL were observed in the control group from the start to end of the experiment. The simulation group showed increased rates of VLDL and triglycerides at the 30th and 75th days. Splenectomized animals showed no significant change. CONCLUSION: Total splenectomy did not induce increased plasma lipids levels of in Balb/c mice. .